Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the United States, but it is also one of the most preventable when detected early.

Screening can identify precancerous growths or early stage cancer before symptoms develop, when treatment is often most effective. In recent years, screening recommendations have changed. Many adults are now encouraged to begin colorectal cancer screening earlier than in the past. Understanding when screening should begin and what options are available can help individuals make informed decisions about preventive care.

Why Screening Matters

Colorectal cancer often develops slowly over several years. In its early stages, it may not cause noticeable symptoms. Screening tests are designed to detect abnormal growths, called polyps, before they become cancerous or to find cancer at an early stage when treatment is most successful.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, regular screening can significantly reduce both the risk of developing colorectal cancer and the risk of dying from it. Because of these benefits, screening is considered an important part of routine preventive care for adults.

When Should Screening Begin?

Screening guidelines have evolved as researchers have learned more about colorectal cancer risk. The American Cancer Society now recommends that adults at average risk begin colorectal cancer screening at age 45. Some individuals may need to start earlier, especially if they have:

• A family history of colorectal cancer
• A personal history of inflammatory bowel disease
• Certain inherited genetic conditions
• Previous colorectal polyps

Your Health Care Provider can help determine the appropriate timing for screening based on your personal health history and risk factors.

Common Screening Options

There are several screening methods available. The best option often depends on individual risk, personal preference, and medical history.

Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy is considered one of the most comprehensive screening methods. During the procedure, a specialist uses a flexible camera to examine the colon and rectum for abnormal
growths. Polyps discovered during the procedure can often be removed immediately. For individuals at average risk, colonoscopy screening is typically recommended every ten years if results are normal.

Stool-Based Tests
Non-invasive stool-based tests are another option for colorectal cancer screening. These tests check for hidden blood or abnormal DNA in a stool sample. Common types include:
• Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
• Stool DNA tests

These tests are usually performed at home and sent to a laboratory for analysis. Because they are less comprehensive than a colonoscopy, they must be repeated more frequently. If a stool-based test returns abnormal results, a colonoscopy is usually recommended for further evaluation.

Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Another screening option is flexible sigmoidoscopy, which examines the lower portion of the colon. While less commonly used than colonoscopy, it may still be recommended in certain
situations. Your Health Care Provider can help determine which screening option is most appropriate based on your health history and screening goals.

Symptoms That Should Not Be Ignored

While screening is intended to detect cancer before symptoms appear, it is important to seek medical evaluation if you experience concerning symptoms such as:

• Blood in the stool
• Persistent changes in bowel habits
• Unexplained weight loss
• Ongoing abdominal discomfort
• Fatigue or unexplained anemia

These symptoms do not always indicate cancer, but they should be evaluated by a Health Care Provider.

The Role of Preventive Care

Preventive care visits are an opportunity to review recommended screenings and ensure that important health checks are not overlooked. Many adults postpone screening simply because they are unsure when to begin or what testing options exist. Discussing screening with your Health Care Provider can help clarify your individual risk and create a plan that fits your needs. Screening recommendations may vary based on family history, existing medical conditions, and previous test results.

Taking the Next Step

Colorectal cancer screening is one of the most effective tools for preventing serious disease. Early detection can significantly improve outcomes and may even prevent cancer from developing in the first place. If you are approaching age 45 or have questions about your screening schedule, a conversation with your Health Care Provider can help determine the best path forward.

Helpful Resources

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Colorectal Cancer Screening Information
• American Cancer Society – Screening Guidelines

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